Homogeneous photocatalytic CO2 conversion

Scope of this topic and related important content

The content of this topic page covers information on homogeneous approaches that are relevant for the reduction of CO₂. Currently, the information on this page is limited to information on the conversion of CO2 to CO, CH4 and CHOOH, further extension of the content is planned in the future. To get the right context and preceding information, reading the higher level topics CO2 conversion and Photocatalytic CO2 conversion might be helpful.

Distinction from other articles within the topic >Photocatalytic CO2 conversion

>Photocatalytic CO2 conversion can be formally split into processes using homogeneous catalysis or heterogeneous catalysis for the conversion of the starting material CO₂. In this article, we focus on the homogeneous catalysis which involves a catalyst that is in the same phase (usually liquid or gas) as the reactants. In this case, the catalyst and the reactants are well-mixed and form a single phase throughout the reaction. The catalyst interacts directly with the reactants, forming an intermediate complex, which then undergoes a reaction to form the desired products. Homogeneous catalysis often involves the use of transition metal complexes or organocatalysts. One advantage of homogeneous catalysis is that the catalyst can be precisely tuned and controlled to promote specific reactions. Reviews for further reading focusing on homogeneous photocatalytic CO₂ conversion are available.[CoC12]

The related topic >Heterogeneous photocatalytic CO2 conversion refers to reactions that involve a catalyst that is in a different phase (typically solid) from the reactants. The reactants are in a different phase (liquid or gas) and come into contact with the solid catalyst, which is usually in the form of a powder or a material such as a modified surface or material in general. The reactants adsorb onto the surface of the catalyst, where the catalytic reaction occurs. For further information, please see chapter heterogeneous photocatalytic CO2 conversion and literature links therein.

Important aspects of homogeneous photocatalytic CO2 conversion

In comparison to heterogeneous photocatalytic CO₂ conversion, homogeneous processes benfit from usually a uniform distribution of the catalyst in the reaction medium, faster reaction rates due to better contact between the catalyst and reactants, and a simpler reactor design due to the application of the catalyst in solution, whereas in heterogeneous systems, the catalyst often needs to be immobilized on a support material.

Summary of selected scientific progress

Table of all experiments that have a turnover number >100 for one of the products CO, CH4, HCOOH, H2 or MeOH. This table is sorted by catalyst.

TON CO, CH4, HCOOH, H2, MeOH >100, sorted by catalyst

Subtopics of "Homogeneous photocatalytic CO2 conversion"

This topic has the following 3 subtopics, out of 3 total.

P

Photocatalytic CO2 conversion to CH4‎ (4 publications)
Photocatalytic CO2 conversion to CO‎ (22 publications)
Photocatalytic CO2 conversion to HCOOH‎ (18 publications)

Literature

[CoC12] Conversion of CO2 via Visible Light Promoted Homogeneous Redox Catalysis. Richard Reithmeier, Christian Bruckmeier, Bernhard Rieger, Catalysts 2012, Vol. 2, Pages 544-571. DOI2: 10.3390/catal2040544

[Rtr16] Rhenium(i) trinuclear rings as highly efficient redox photosensitizers for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Jana Rohacova, Osamu Ishitani, Chemical Science 2016, Vol. 7, Pages 6728-6739. DOI2: 10.1039/c6sc01913g
Publication: Rhenium(I) trinuclear rings as highly efficient redox photosensitizers for photocatalytic CO2 reduction

[PRD18] Pyranopterin Related Dithiolene Molybdenum Complexes as Homogeneous Catalysts for CO ₂ Photoreduction. Thibault Fogeron, Pascal Retailleau, Lise‐Marie Chamoreau, Yun Li, Marc Fontecave, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2018, Vol. 57, Pages 17033-17037. DOI2: 10.1002/anie.201809084
Publication: Pyranopterin Related Dithiolene Molybdenum Complexes as Homogeneous Catalysts for CO2 Photoreduction

[VLP20] Visible-Light Photocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide by Ni(II) Complexes with N4S2 Coordination: Highly Efficient and Selective Production of Formate. Sung Eun Lee, Azam Nasirian, Ye Eun Kim, Pegah Tavakoli Fard, Youngmee Kim, Byeongmoon Jeong, Sung-Jin Kim, Jin-Ook Baeg, Jinheung Kim, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2020, Vol. 142, Pages 19142-19149. DOI2: 10.1021/jacs.0c08145
Publication: Visible-Light Photocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide by Ni(II) Complexes with N4S2 Coordination: Highly Efficient and Selective Production of Formate

[PpC21] Promoting photocatalytic CO2 reduction with a molecular copper purpurin chromophore. Huiqing Yuan, Banggui Cheng, Jingxiang Lei, Long Jiang, Zhiji Han, Nature Communications 2021, Vol. 12. DOI2: 10.1038/s41467-021-21923-9
Publication: Promoting photocatalytic CO2 reduction with a molecular copper purpurin chromophore

[Vld17] Visible-light-driven methane formation from CO2 with a molecular iron catalyst. Heng Rao, Luciana C. Schmidt, Julien Bonin, Marc Robert, Nature 2017, Vol. 548, Pages 74-77. DOI2: 10.1038/nature23016
Publication: Visible-light-driven methane formation from CO2 with a molecular iron catalyst

[SaE14] Selective and Efficient Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction to CO Using Visible Light and an Iron-Based Homogeneous Catalyst. Julien Bonin, Marc Robert, Mathilde Routier, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2014, Vol. 136, Pages 16768-16771. DOI2: 10.1021/ja510290t
Publication: Selective and Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to CO Using Visible Light and an Iron-Based Homogeneous Catalyst

[PCr23] Photocatalytic CO2 reduction with aminoanthraquinone organic dyes. Qinqin Lei, Huiqing Yuan, Jiehao Du, Mei Ming, Shuang Yang, Ya Chen, Jingxiang Lei, Zhiji Han, Nature Communications 2023, Vol. 14. DOI2: 10.1038/s41467-023-36784-7
Publication: Photocatalytic CO2 reduction with aminoanthraquinone organic dyes

[HEa18] Highly Efficient and Robust Photocatalytic Systems for CO₂ Reduction Consisting of a Cu(I) Photosensitizer and Mn(I) Catalysts. Hiroyuki Takeda, Hiroko Kamiyama, Kouhei Okamoto, Mina Irimajiri, Toshihide Mizutani, Kazuhide Koike, Akiko Sekine, Osamu Ishitani, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2018, Vol. 140, Pages 17241-17254. DOI2: 10.1021/jacs.8b10619
Publication: Highly Efficient and Robust Photocatalytic Systems for CO2 Reduction Consisting of a Cu(I) Photosensitizer and Mn(I) Catalysts

[PRo16] Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to CO and HCO₂H Using fac-Mn(CN)(bpy)(CO)₃. Po Ling Cheung, Charles W. Machan, Aramice Y. S. Malkhasian, Jay Agarwal, Clifford P. Kubiak, Inorganic Chemistry 2016, Vol. 55, Pages 3192-3198. DOI2: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00379
Publication: Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to CO and HCO2H Using fac-Mn(CN)(bpy)(CO)3

[PCr14] Photocatalytic CO₂reduction using a Mn complex as a catalyst. Hiroyuki Takeda, Hiroki Koizumi, Kouhei Okamoto, Osamu Ishitani, Chem. Commun. 2014, Vol. 50, Pages 1491-1493. DOI2: 10.1039/c3cc48122k
Publication: Photocatalytic CO2 reduction using a Mn complex as a catalyst

[Vld16] Visible light driven reduction of CO 2 catalyzed by an abundant manganese catalyst with zinc porphyrin photosensitizer. Jun-Xiao Zhang, Chang-Ying Hu, Wei Wang, Hui Wang, Zhao-Yong Bian, Applied Catalysis A: General 2016, Vol. 522, Pages 145-151. DOI2: 10.1016/j.apcata.2016.04.035
Publication: Visible light driven reduction of CO2 catalyzed by an abundant manganese catalyst with zinc porphyrin photosensitizer

[PCR20] Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction Using a Robust Multifunctional Iridium Complex toward the Selective Formation of Formic Acid. Kenji Kamada, Jieun Jung, Taku Wakabayashi, Keita Sekizawa, Shunsuke Sato, Takeshi Morikawa, Shunichi Fukuzumi, Susumu Saito, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2020, Vol. 142, Pages 10261-10266. DOI2: 10.1021/jacs.0c03097
Publication: Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Using a Robust Multifunctional Iridium Complex toward the Selective Formation of Formic Acid

[MCo15] Molecular Catalysis of the Electrochemical and Photochemical Reduction of CO₂ with Earth-Abundant Metal Complexes. Selective Production of CO vs HCOOH by Switching of the Metal Center. Lingjing Chen, Zhenguo Guo, Xi-Guang Wei, Charlotte Gallenkamp, Julien Bonin, Elodie Anxolabéhère-Mallart, Kai-Chung Lau, Tai-Chu Lau, Marc Robert, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2015, Vol. 137, Pages 10918-10921. DOI2: 10.1021/jacs.5b06535
Publication: Molecular Catalysis of the Electrochemical and Photochemical Reduction of CO2 with Earth-Abundant Metal Complexes. Selective Production of CO vs HCOOH by Switching of the Metal Center

[AiR19] An integrated Re(i) photocatalyst/sensitizer that activates the formation of formic acid from reduction of CO₂. Yasmeen Hameed, Patrick Berro, Bulat Gabidullin, Darrin Richeson, Chemical Communications 2019, Vol. 55, Pages 11041-11044. DOI2: 10.1039/c9cc03943k
Publication: An integrated Re(I) photocatalyst and sensitizer that activates the formation of formic acid from reduction of CO2

[DCC16] A Dinuclear Cobalt Cryptate as a Homogeneous Photocatalyst for Highly Selective and Efficient Visible‐Light Driven CO ₂ Reduction to CO in CH ₃ CN/H ₂ O Solution. Ting Ouyang, Hai‐Hua Huang, Jia‐Wei Wang, Di‐Chang Zhong, Tong‐Bu Lu, Angewandte Chemie 2016, Vol. 129, Pages 756-761. DOI2: 10.1002/ange.201610607
Publication: A Dinuclear Cobalt Cryptate as a Homogeneous Photocatalyst for Highly Selective and Efficient Visible-Light Driven CO2 Reduction to CO in CH3CN-H2O Solution

[HEa16] Highly Efficient and Selective Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction by Iron and Cobalt Quaterpyridine Complexes. Zhenguo Guo, Siwei Cheng, Claudio Cometto, Elodie Anxolabéhère-Mallart, Siu-Mui Ng, Chi-Chiu Ko, Guijian Liu, Lingjing Chen, Marc Robert, Tai-Chu Lau, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2016, Vol. 138, Pages 9413-9416. DOI2: 10.1021/jacs.6b06002
Publication: Highly Efficient and Selective Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction by Iron and Cobalt Quaterpyridine Complexes

[PSC22] Phenoxazine‐Sensitized CO ₂ ‐to‐CO Reduction with an Iron Porphyrin Catalyst: A Redox Properties‐Catalytic Performance Study. Martin Kientz, Grace Lowe, Blaine G. McCarthy, Garret M. Miyake, Julien Bonin, Marc Robert, ChemPhotoChem 2022, Vol. 6. DOI2: 10.1002/cptc.202200009
Publication: Phenoxazine-Sensitized CO2-to-CO Reduction with an Iron Porphyrin Catalyst: A Redox Properties-Catalytic Performance Study

[VLP13] Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis: Selective Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide by a Nickel N-Heterocyclic Carbene–Isoquinoline Complex. V. Sara Thoi, Nikolay Kornienko, Charles G. Margarit, Peidong Yang, Christopher J. Chang, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2013, Vol. 135, Pages 14413-14424. DOI2: 10.1021/ja4074003
Publication: Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis: Selective Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide by a Nickel N-Heterocyclic Carbene–Isoquinoline Complex

[VLD17] Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction by a Ni(II) Complex Bearing a Bioinspired Tetradentate Ligand for Selective CO Production. Dachao Hong, Yuto Tsukakoshi, Hiroaki Kotani, Tomoya Ishizuka, Takahiko Kojima, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2017, Vol. 139, Pages 6538-6541. DOI2: 10.1021/jacs.7b01956
Publication: Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction by a Ni(II) Complex Bearing a Bioinspired Tetradentate Ligand for Selective CO Production

[TVL18] Toward Visible-Light Photochemical CO₂-to-CH₄ Conversion in Aqueous Solutions Using Sensitized Molecular Catalysis. Heng Rao, Julien Bonin, Marc Robert, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2018, Vol. 122, Pages 13834-13839. DOI2: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b00950
Publication: Toward Visible-Light Photochemical CO2‑to-CH4 Conversion in Aqueous Solutions Using Sensitized Molecular Catalysis

[VLD18] Visible-Light-Driven Conversion of CO₂ to CH₄ with an Organic Sensitizer and an Iron Porphyrin Catalyst. Heng Rao, Chern-Hooi Lim, Julien Bonin, Garret M. Miyake, Marc Robert, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2018, Vol. 140, Pages 17830-17834. DOI2: 10.1021/jacs.8b09740
Publication: Visible-Light-Driven Conversion of CO2 to CH4 with an Organic Sensitizer and an Iron Porphyrin Catalyst

[DSP19] Durable Solar-Powered Systems with Ni-Catalysts for Conversion of CO₂ or CO to CH₄. Hunter Shirley, Xiaojun Su, Harshin Sanjanwala, Kallol Talukdar, Jonah W. Jurss, Jared H. Delcamp, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2019, Vol. 141, Pages 6617-6622. DOI2: 10.1021/jacs.9b00937
Publication: Durable Solar-Powered Systems with Ni-Catalysts for Conversion of CO2 or CO to CH4

[PRo15] Photochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid using Ruthenium(II)-Based Catalysts and Visible Light. Alonso Rosas-Hernández, Henrik Junge, Matthias Beller, ChemCatChem 2015, Vol. 7, Pages 3316-3321. DOI2: 10.1002/cctc.201500494
Publication: Photochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid using Ruthenium(II)-Based Catalysts and Visible Light

[PCR20] Photocatalytic CO ₂ Reduction under Visible‐Light Irradiation by Ruthenium CNC Pincer Complexes. Yasuhiro Arikawa, Itoe Tabata, Yukari Miura, Hiroki Tajiri, Yudai Seto, Shinnosuke Horiuchi, Eri Sakuda, Keisuke Umakoshi, Chemistry – A European Journal 2020, Vol. 26, Pages 5603-5606. DOI2: 10.1002/chem.201905840
Publication: Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction under Visible-Light Irradiation by Ruthenium CNC Pincer Complexes

[EtF21] Exploring the Full Potential of Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using a Dinuclear Re ₂ Cl ₂ Complex Assisted by Various Photosensitizers. Robin Giereth, Martin Obermeier, Lukas Forschner, Michael Karnahl, Matthias Schwalbe, Stefanie Tschierlei, ChemPhotoChem 2021, Vol. 5, Pages 644-653. DOI2: 10.1002/cptc.202100034
Publication: Exploring the Full Potential of Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using a Dinuclear Re2Cl2 Complex Assisted by Various Photosensitizers

[VLP19] Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Reduction of CO ₂ to Formic Acid with a Ru Catalyst Supported by N , N ′‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)‐2,6‐diaminopyridine Ligands. Yasmeen Hameed, Gyandshwar Kumar Rao, Jeffrey S. Ovens, Bulat Gabidullin, Darrin Richeson, ChemSusChem 2019, Vol. 12, Pages 3453-3457. DOI2: 10.1002/cssc.201901326
Publication: Visible-Light Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Formic Acid with a Ru Catalyst Supported by N,N’- Bis(diphenylphosphino)-2,6-diaminopyridine Ligands

[Mao20] Merging an organic TADF photosensitizer and a simple terpyridine–Fe(iii) complex for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Yanan Wang, Xue-Wang Gao, Junli Li, Duobin Chao, Chemical Communications 2020, Vol. 56, Pages 12170-12173. DOI2: 10.1039/d0cc05047d
Publication: Merging an organic TADF photosensitizer and a simple terpyridine–Fe(iii) complex for photocatalytic CO2 reduction

[PRo22] Photocatalytic Reduction of CO₂by Highly Efficient Homogeneous Fe^IICatalyst based on 2,6‐Bis(1’,2’,3’‐triazolyl‐methyl)pyridine. Comparison with Analogues.. Lisa‐Lou Gracia, Elham Barani, Jonas Braun, Anthony B. Carter, Olaf Fuhr, Annie K. Powell, Karin Fink, Claudia Bizzarri, ChemCatChem 2022, Vol. 14. DOI2: 10.1002/cctc.202201163
Publication: Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 by Highly Efficient Homogeneous FeII Catalyst based on 2,6-Bis(1’,2’,3’-triazolyl-methyl)pyridine. Comparison with Analogues.

[WAH21] Water-Assisted Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Reduction of CO₂ to CO with Noble Metal-Free Bis(terpyridine)iron(II) Complexes and an Organic Photosensitizer. Yanan Wang, Ting Liu, Longxin Chen, Duobin Chao, Inorganic Chemistry 2021, Vol. 60, Pages 5590-5597. DOI2: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03503
Publication: Water-Assisted Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to CO with Noble Metal-Free Bis(terpyridine)iron(II) Complexes and an Organic Photosensitizer

[Hea18] Highly efficient and selective visible-light driven CO₂-to-CO conversion by a Co-based cryptate in H₂O/CH₃CN solution. Dong-Cheng Liu, Hong-Juan Wang, Jia-Wei Wang, Di-Chang Zhong, Long Jiang, Tong-Bu Lu, Chemical Communications 2018, Vol. 54, Pages 11308-11311. DOI2: 10.1039/c8cc04892d
Publication: Highly efficient and selective visible-light driven CO2-to-CO conversion by a Co-based cryptate in H2O-CH3CN solution

[ECD22] Exchange Coupling Determines Metal-Dependent Efficiency for Iron- and Cobalt-Catalyzed Photochemical CO₂ Reduction. Patricia De La Torre, Jeffrey S. Derrick, Andrew Snider, Peter T. Smith, Matthias Loipersberger, Martin Head-Gordon, Christopher J. Chang, ACS Catalysis 2022, Vol. 12, Pages 8484-8493. DOI2: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02072
Publication: Exchange Coupling Determines Metal-Dependent Efficiency for Iron- and Cobalt-Catalyzed Photochemical CO2 Reduction

	cat	cat conc [µM]	PS	PS conc [mM]	e-D	e-D conc [M]	solvent A	additives	TON CO	TON CH4	TON H2	TON HCOOH	lit
1.	Ru(dtBubpy)(CO)2Cl2	0.05	Molecule:100877	0.05	BI(OH)H	0.03	DMF		16		49	280	[Rtr16]
2.	Ru(dtBubpy)(CO)2Cl2	0.05	Molecule:100877	0.05			DMF		20		72	290	[Rtr16]
3.	[MoO(qpdt)2][NBu4]2	0.05	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.5	BIH	0.1	MeCN		73		670	80	[PRD18]
4.	Ni(pbi)(pyS)2	0.004	Eosin Y	2	TEOA	0.4	H2O					14000	[VLP20]
5.	Ni(pbt)(pyS)2	0.004	Eosin Y	2	TEOA	0.4	H2O					13100	[VLP20]
6.	Fe(DHPP)Cl	0.0002	[Cu(PP)2][TBA]2	0.1	BIH	0.01	DMF		4779		270		[PpC21]
7.	Fe(DHPP)Cl	0.002	Ir(ppy)3	0.2	TEA	0.05	MeCN		139	26	15		[Vld17]
8.	Fe(DHPP)Cl	0.0002	[Cu(PP)2][TBA]2	0.1	BIH	0.1	DMF		16109		843		[PpC21]
9.	Fe(DHPP)Cl	0.002	Ir(ppy)3	0.2	TEA	0.36	MeCN		140				[SaE14]
10.	Fe(DHPP)Cl	0.0006	Molecule:100932	0.02	BIH	0.06	DMF		21616				[PCr23]
11.	Mn(oMesbpy)(CO)2Br	0.05	[Cu(phen)-(dPPh-Bu)2]2[PF6]2	0.25	BIH	0.01	MeCN		208		0.5	5	[HEa18]
12.	Mn(CN)(bpy)(CO)3	0.1	[Ru(dmb)3][PF6]2	0.5	BNAH	0.1	DMF		9.1		1.2	130	[PRo16]
13.	Mn(CN)(bpy)(CO)3	0.1	[Ru(dmb)3][PF6]2	1	BNAH	0.1	DMF		7.1		1.6	130	[PRo16]
14.	Mn(bpy)(CO)3Br	0.05	[Ru(dmb)3][PF6]2	0.05	BNAH	0.1	DMF		12		14	149	[PCr14]
15.	Mn(bpy)(CO)3Br	0.05	[Cu(phen)-(dPPh-Bu)2]2[PF6]2	0.25	BIH	0.01	MeCN		50		4	157	[HEa18]
16.	Mn(bpy)(CO)3Br	0.05	Ru(bpy)3	0.05	BNAH	0.1	DMF		12		8	157	[PCr14]
17.	Mn(bpy)(CO)3Br	2	ZnTPP	0.5	TEA	0.1	MeCN		119			19	[Vld16]
18.	[Ir(mesbpy-(PCy2)2)][BPh4]	0.02			BIH	0.2	DMA		470		15	2080	[PCR20]
19.	[Co(pabop)][ClO4]2	0.05	Ir(ppy)3	0.2	TEA		MeCN		270				[MCo15]
20.	[Re(bpy)2(CO)2][OTf]	0.5	[Ru(bpy)3][PF6]	1	TEOA		DMA				15	115	[AiR19]
21.	[Re(bpy)2(CO)2][OTf]	0.2	[Ru(bpy)3][PF6]	1	TEOA		DMA				24	275	[AiR19]
22.	[Re(bpy)2(CO)2][OTf]	0.1	[Ru(bpy)3][PF6]	1	TEOA		DMA				38	428	[AiR19]
23.	[Re(bpy)2(CO)2][OTf]	0.05	[Ru(bpy)3][PF6]	1	TEOA		DMA				50	535	[AiR19]
24.	[Re(bpy)2(CO)2][OTf]	0.02	[Ru(bpy)3][PF6]	1	TEOA		DMA				225	1480	[AiR19]
25.	[Re(bpy)2(CO)2][OTf]	0.01	[Ru(bpy)3][PF6]	1	TEOA		DMA				375	2750	[AiR19]
26.	Molecule:100776	2.5E-5	[Ru(phen)3][PF6]2	0.4	TEOA	300	MeCN		16896		368		[DCC16]
27.	[Fe(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.01	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		3087		121	35	[HEa16]
28.	[Fe(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.05	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.02	BIH	0.1	DMF		520		0	14	[HEa16]
29.	[Fe(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.005	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		3844		118	534	[HEa16]
30.	[Fe(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.02	BIH	0.1	DMF		0		139	0	[HEa16]
31.	[Fe(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.05	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.05	BIH	0.1	DMF		520		0	21	[HEa16]
32.	[Fe(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.05	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.05	BIH	0.1	MeCN		1336		10	34	[HEa16]
33.	[Fe(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.05	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.2	BIH	0.1	DMF		350		1	23	[HEa16]
34.	[Fe(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.005	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.2			MeCN		160		8	22	[HEa16]
35.	[Fe(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.05	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		1879		15	48	[HEa16]
36.	[Fe(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.005	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.02	BIH	0.1	DMF		1365		0	115	[HEa16]
37.	[Fe(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.02	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		2660		29	51	[HEa16]
38.	[Co(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.005	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.3	BIH	0.1	MeCN		182		0	11	[HEa16]
39.	[Co(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.005	purpurin	2	BIH	0.1	DMF		790		11	78	[HEa16]
40.	[Co(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.005	purpurin	2	BIH	0.1	DMF	Argon atmosphere	0		226	167	[HEa16]
41.	[Co(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.05	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.5	BIH	0.1	MeCN		521		49	6	[HEa16]
42.	[Co(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.005	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.3			MeCN		114		25	25	[HEa16]
43.	[Co(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.5	BIH	0.1	MeCN		136		43	5	[HEa16]
44.	[Co(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.01	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.3	BIH	0.1	MeCN		1875		11	18	[HEa16]
45.	[Co(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.05	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		366		15	4	[HEa16]
46.	[Co(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.2	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.3	BIH	0.1	MeCN		1262		7	23	[HEa16]
47.	[Co(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.05	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.3	BIH	0.1	MeCN		497		5	3	[HEa16]
48.	[Co(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.005	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.3	BIH	0.1	MeCN		2660		23	35	[HEa16]
49.	[Co(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.05	purpurin	2	BIH	0.1	DMF		197		1	9	[HEa16]
50.	[Co(qpy)(H2O)2][ClO4]2	0.1	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.3	BIH	0.1	MeCN		466		2	22	[HEa16]
51.	[Fe(pTMAPP)Cl][PF6]4	0.002	Molecule:100493	0.2	BIH	0.005	MeCN	TFE	103		25		[PSC22]
52.	[Fe(pTMAPP)Cl][PF6]4	0.002	Molecule:100762	0.2	BIH	0.005	MeCN	TFE	115				[PSC22]
53.	[Fe(pTMAPP)Cl][PF6]4	0.002	Molecule:100763	0.2	BIH	0.005	MeCN	TFE	112		12		[PSC22]
54.	[Ni(bimiqpr)][PF6]2	2.0E-6	Ir(ppy)3	0.2	TEA	0.07	MeCN		98000				[VLP13]
55.	[Ni(bimiqpr)][PF6]2	2.0E-5	Ir(ppy)3	0.2	TEA	0.07	MeCN		9000				[VLP13]
56.	[Ni(bimiqpr)][PF6]2	0.0002	Ir(ppy)3	0.2	TEA	0.07	MeCN		1500				[VLP13]
57.	[Ni(bpet)(MeCN)2][ClO4]2	0.03	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.5	BIH	0.1	DMA		713		6.9		[VLD17]
58.	[Ni(bpet)(MeCN)2][ClO4]2	0.03	Ru(bpy)3Cl2	0.5	BIH	0.1	DMF		159		11		[VLD17]
59.	Fe(pTMAPP)Cl5	0.002	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.2	DIPEA	0.05	MeCN		151	24	77		[TVL18]
60.	Fe(pTMAPP)Cl5	0.002	Ir(ppy)3	0.2	TEA	0.05	MeCN	TFE	240	66	73		[Vld17]
61.	Fe(pTMAPP)Cl5	0.002	Ir(ppy)3	0.2	TEA	0.05	MeCN		198	31	24		[TVL18]
62.	Fe(pTMAPP)Cl5	0.002	Ir(ppy)3	0.2	TEA	0.05	MeCN		367	79	26		[Vld17]
63.	Fe(pTMAPP)Cl5	0.01	Molecule:100493	1	TEA	0.1	DMF	TFE	140	29	23		[VLD18]
64.	Fe(pTMAPP)Cl5	0.002	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.2	TEA	0.05	MeCN		178	32	103		[TVL18]
65.	Fe(pTMAPP)Cl5	0.002	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.2	TEOA	0.05	MeCN		134	23	67		[TVL18]
66.	Fe(pTMAPP)Cl5	0.002	Ir(ppy)3	0.2	TEA	0.05	MeCN		198	31	24		[Vld17]
67.	[Ni(bpy)-(MeNHC)2][PF6]2	2.0E-6	Ir(ppy)3	0.1	BIH	0.01	MeCN	TEA	108000	4000	278000		[DSP19]
68.	[Ni(bpy)-(MeNHC)2][PF6]2	2.0E-6	Ir(ppy)3	0.1	BIH	0.01	MeCN	TEA 5% (v/v), H2O 2% (v/v)		10000	58000		[DSP19]
69.	[Ni(bpy)-(MeNHC)2][PF6]2	2.0E-6	Ir(ppy)3	0.1	BIH	0.01	MeCN	TEA, H2O	31000		320000		[DSP19]
70.	[Ni(bpy)-(MeNHC)2][PF6]2	2.0E-6	Ir(ppy)3	0.1	TEA		MeCN		130000	29000	4900000		[DSP19]
71.	[Ni(bpy)-(MeNHC)2][PF6]2	2.0E-6	Ir(ppy)3	0.1	BIH	0.01	MeCN	TEA, H2O	51000	12000			[DSP19]
72.	[Ni(bpy-bNHCEt)][PF6]2	2.0E-6	Ir(ppy)3	0.1	TEA		MeCN		9000		36000		[DSP19]
73.	[Ni(bpy-bNHCEt)][PF6]2	2.0E-6	Ir(ppy)3	0.1	BIH	0.01	MeCN	TEA	310000		33000		[DSP19]
74.	[Ni(bpy-bNHCEt)][PF6]2	2.0E-6	Ir(ppy)3	0.1	BIH	0.01	MeCN	TEA, H2O	175000	19000	29000		[DSP19]
75.	[Ni(bpy-bNHCMe)][PF6]2	2.0E-6	Ir(ppy)3	0.1	BIH	0.01	MeCN	TEA	76000		17000		[DSP19]
76.	[Ni(bpy-bNHCMe)][PF6]2	2.0E-6	Ir(ppy)3	0.1	BIH	0.01	MeCN	TEA, H2O	8000	5000	34000		[DSP19]
77.	[Ni(bpy-bNHCMe)][PF6]2	2.0E-6	Ir(ppy)3	0.1	TEA		MeCN		5000	1000	15000		[DSP19]
78.	[Ru(bpy)(H2O)(CO)][PF6]	0.0016	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		45		65	335	[PRo15]
79.	[Ru(bpy)(H2O)(CO)][PF6]	1.6	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		45		65	335	[PRo15]
80.	[Ru(bpy)(H2O)(CO)][PF6]	0.0031	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		34		28	211	[PRo15]
81.	[Ru(bpy)(H2O)(CO)][PF6]	3.1	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		34		28	211	[PRo15]
82.	[Ru(bpy)2HCO][PF6]	1.6	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		25		62	225	[PRo15]
83.	[Ru(bpy)2HCO][PF6]	3.1	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		16		29	145	[PRo15]
84.	[Ru(bpy)2HCO][PF6]	0.0062	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		21		16	107	[PRo15]
85.	[Ru(bpy)2HCO][PF6]	6.2	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		21		16	107	[PRo15]
86.	[Ru(bpy)2HCO][PF6]	0.0016	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		25		62	225	[PRo15]
87.	[Ru(bpy)2HCO][PF6]	0.0031	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		16		29	145	[PRo15]
88.	[Ru(bpy)2ClCO][PF6]	1.6	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		40		67	419	[PRo15]
89.	[Ru(bpy)2ClCO][PF6]	0.0062	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		19		19	117	[PRo15]
90.	[Ru(bpy)2ClCO][PF6]	6.2	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		19		19	117	[PRo15]
91.	[Ru(bpy)2ClCO][PF6]	0.0031	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		36		33	296	[PRo15]
92.	[Ru(bpy)2ClCO][PF6]	0.0016	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		40		67	419	[PRo15]
93.	[Ru(bpy)2ClCO][PF6]	3.1	[Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		NMP		36		33	296	[PRo15]
94.	[Ru(bpy)(py)-(tBuNHC)2(MeCN)][PF6]2	0.01	[Ru(dmb)3][PF6]2	0.05	BI(OH)H	0.1	DMA		129		556	3296	[PCR20]
95.	Molecule:100845	0.05	[Cu(phen)-(dPPh-Bu)2]2[PF6]2	0.25	BIH	0.01	MeCN		164		1	65	[HEa18]
96.	(tBuxant)-(Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl)2	0.05	Ir(fppy)3	0.0125	BIH	0.01	DMF	TEA	144				[EtF21]
97.	(tBuxant)-(Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl)2	0.05	Ir(fppy)3	0.05	BIH	0.01	DMF	TEA	131				[EtF21]
98.	(tBuxant)-(Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl)2	0.05	Ir(fppy)3	0.025	BIH	0.01	DMF	TEA	149				[EtF21]
99.	(tBuxant)-(Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl)2	0.05	Ir(fppy)3	0.05	BIH	0.02	DMF	TEA	134				[EtF21]
100.	(tBuxant)-(Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl)2	0.05	Ir(fppy)3	0.1	BIH	0.05	DMF	TEA	270				[EtF21]
101.	(tBuxant)-(Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl)2	0.05	Ir(fppy)3	0.05	BIH	0.02	DMF	TEA	193				[EtF21]
102.	(tBuxant)-(Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl)2	0.05	[Cu(bcp)(xant)][PF6]	0.05	BIH	0.01	DMF	TEA	169				[EtF21]
103.	(tBuxant)-(Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl)2	0.05	Ir(fppy)3	0.05	BIH	0.5	DMF	TEA	255				[EtF21]
104.	(tBuxant)-(Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl)2	0.05	Ir(fppy)3	0.005	BIH	0.01	DMF	TEA	124				[EtF21]
105.	(tBuxant)-(Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl)2	0.05	Ir(fppy)3	0.05	BIH	0.01	DMF	TEA	195				[EtF21]
106.	Ru(py)-(MeNdpp)2(CO)2Cl	0.05	[Ru(bpy)3][PF6]	0.05	TEOA		DMF					210	[VLP19]
107.	Ru(py)-(MeNdpp)2(CO)2Cl	0.1	[Ru(bpy)3][PF6]	0.1	TEOA		DMF				57.5	363	[VLP19]
108.	Ru(py)-(MeNdpp)2(CO)2Cl	0.025	[Ru(bpy)3][PF6]	0.025	TEOA		DMF					380	[VLP19]
109.	Ru(py)-(MeNdpp)2(CO)2Cl	0.5	[Ru(bpy)3][PF6]	1	TEOA		DMF				14	162	[VLP19]
110.	[Ru(bpy)(py)-(MeNHC)2(MeCN)][PF6]2	0.01	[Ru(dmb)3][PF6]2	0.05	BI(OH)H	0.1	DMA		224		1438	4593	[PCR20]
111.	[Ru(bpy)(py)-(tBuNHC)2CO][PF6]2	0.01	[Ru(dmb)3][PF6]2	0.05	BI(OH)H	0.1	DMA		129		505	3792	[PCR20]
112.	[Ru(bpy)(py)-(MeNHC)2CO][PF6]2	0.01	[Ru(dmb)3][PF6]2	0.05	BI(OH)H	0.1	DMA		300		1897	5634	[PCR20]
113.	Fe(tpy-tol)Cl3	0.01	4CzIPN	0.05	TEA	0.28	DMF		2250				[Mao20]
114.	Molecule:100941	0.01	Molecule:100940	1	BIH	0.02	MeCN		576		287		[PRo22]
115.	Molecule:100941	0.1	Molecule:100940	1	BIH	0.02	MeCN		100		43		[PRo22]
116.	Molecule:100949	0.01	4CzIPN	0.05	TEA	0.28	DMF		6320				[WAH21]
117.	Molecule:100957	1.25E-5	[Ru(phen)3][PF6]2	0.4	TEOA	0.3	MeCN		51392				[Hea18]
118.	Molecule:100968	2	Molecule:100971	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		12749		163		[ECD22]
119.	Molecule:100968	2	Molecule:100970	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		6710		0		[ECD22]
120.	Molecule:100968	0.2	Ru(bpy)3	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		30349		1013		[ECD22]
121.	Molecule:100968	2			BIH	0.1	MeCN		112		0		[ECD22]
122.	Molecule:100968	0.2	Molecule:100971	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		28712		6527		[ECD22]
123.	Molecule:100968	2	Ru(bpy)3	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		15520		86		[ECD22]
124.	Molecule:100968	2			BIH	0.1	MeCN		112		0		[ECD22]
125.	Molecule:100968	2	Ru(bpy)3	0.2			MeCN		150		0		[ECD22]
126.	Molecule:100968	2	Ir(ppy)3	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		18502		141		[ECD22]
127.	Molecule:100968	0.2	Ru(bpy)3	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		30349		1013		[ECD22]
128.	Molecule:100968	2	Molecule:100971	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		12749		163		[ECD22]
129.	Molecule:100968	2	Ru(bpy)3	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN	Ar	0		222		[ECD22]
130.	Molecule:100968	2	Molecule:100970	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		6710		0		[ECD22]
131.	Molecule:100968	0.2	Molecule:100971	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		28712		6527		[ECD22]
132.	Molecule:100968	2	Ru(bpy)3	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN	Ar	0		222		[ECD22]
133.	Molecule:100968	2	Ru(bpy)3	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		15520		86		[ECD22]
134.	Molecule:100968	2	Ru(bpy)3	0.2			MeCN		150		0		[ECD22]
135.	Molecule:100968	2	Ir(ppy)3	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		18502		141		[ECD22]
136.	Molecule:100968	2	Ru(bpy)3	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		15520		86		[ECD22]
137.	Molecule:100968	0.2	Ru(bpy)3	0.2	BIH	0.1	MeCN		30349		1013		[ECD22]

Homogeneous photocatalytic CO2 conversion

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Scope of this topic and related important content

Distinction from other articles within the topic >Photocatalytic CO2 conversion

Important aspects of homogeneous photocatalytic CO2 conversion

Summary of selected scientific progress

Subtopics of "Homogeneous photocatalytic CO2 conversion"

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Homogeneous photocatalytic CO2 conversion

Scope of this topic and related important content

Distinction from other articles within the topic >Photocatalytic CO2 conversion

Important aspects of homogeneous photocatalytic CO2 conversion

Summary of selected scientific progress

Subtopics of "Homogeneous photocatalytic CO2 conversion"

P

Literature

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