CO2 conversion to CO: Difference between revisions

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=== Metal-containing photosensitizers ===
=== Metal-containing photosensitizers ===
<chemform smiles="C1C2C3C=CC(Br)=CN=3[Ru]3(N4C(C5C=CC=CN=53)=CC=CC=4)3(N4C=CC=CC=4C4C=CC=CN=43)N=2C=CC=1" inchikey="CLNINCHTGNZSOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N" inchi="1S/C10H7BrN2.2C10H8N2.Ru/c11-8-4-5-10(13-7-8)9-3-1-2-6-12-9;2*1-3-7-11-9(5-1)10-6-2-4-8-12-10;/h1-7H;2*1-8H;" float="none" width="200" height="200">
  -INDIGO-11262313232D
  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 V3000
M  V30 BEGIN CTAB
M  V30 COUNTS 38 46 0 0 0
M  V30 BEGIN ATOM
M  V30 1 C 7.01072 -3.66709 0.0 0
M  V30 2 C 8.46567 -3.66409 0.0 0
M  V30 3 C 7.77046 -3.26885 0.0 0
M  V30 4 C 8.55261 -4.48498 0.0 0
M  V30 5 C 6.99831 -4.48834 0.0 0
M  V30 6 N 8.04613 -4.95142 0.0 0
M  V30 7 C 4.81424 -5.61621 0.0 0
M  V30 8 C 6.42638 -5.65901 0.0 0
M  V30 9 C 5.54168 -5.20978 0.0 0
M  V30 10 N 6.57191 -6.47504 0.0 0
M  V30 11 C 4.81821 -6.46102 0.0 0
M  V30 12 C 5.63496 -6.96299 0.0 0
M  V30 13 C 6.41084 -7.74028 0.0 0
M  V30 14 C 7.98196 -8.24949 0.0 0
M  V30 15 N 7.458 -7.41393 0.0 0
M  V30 16 C 7.7065 -8.97042 0.0 0
M  V30 17 C 6.31664 -8.77002 0.0 0
M  V30 18 C 7.02114 -9.25145 0.0 0
M  V30 19 C 8.64747 -8.35517 0.0 0
M  V30 20 C 10.2569 -8.37475 0.0 0
M  V30 21 N 9.22788 -7.77097 0.0 0
M  V30 22 C 10.172 -9.41607 0.0 0
M  V30 23 C 8.73807 -9.30161 0.0 0
M  V30 24 C 9.37061 -9.77608 0.0 0
M  V30 25 N 10.1295 -6.17025 0.0 0
M  V30 26 C 11.7911 -5.62804 0.0 0
M  V30 27 C 10.8612 -5.47731 0.0 0
M  V30 28 C 11.9372 -6.45321 0.0 0
M  V30 29 C 10.423 -6.76451 0.0 0
M  V30 30 C 11.2893 -6.96356 0.0 0
M  V30 31 C 9.75728 -3.84639 0.0 0
M  V30 32 C 11.3568 -3.66502 0.0 0
M  V30 33 C 10.5774 -3.33632 0.0 0
M  V30 34 C 11.4448 -4.44688 0.0 0
M  V30 35 N 9.75639 -4.75933 0.0 0
M  V30 36 C 10.7762 -4.92966 0.0 0
M  V30 37 Ru 8.40385 -6.13482 0.0 0
M  V30 38 Br 3.675 -6.975 0.0 0
M  V30 END ATOM
M  V30 BEGIN BOND
M  V30 1 2 3 1
M  V30 2 2 4 2
M  V30 3 1 1 5
M  V30 4 1 2 3
M  V30 5 2 5 6
M  V30 6 1 6 4
M  V30 7 2 9 7
M  V30 8 2 10 8
M  V30 9 1 7 11
M  V30 10 1 8 9
M  V30 11 2 11 12
M  V30 12 1 12 10
M  V30 13 2 15 13
M  V30 14 2 16 14
M  V30 15 1 13 17
M  V30 16 1 14 15
M  V30 17 2 17 18
M  V30 18 1 18 16
M  V30 19 2 21 19
M  V30 20 2 22 20
M  V30 21 1 19 23
M  V30 22 1 20 21
M  V30 23 2 23 24
M  V30 24 1 24 22
M  V30 25 2 27 25
M  V30 26 2 28 26
M  V30 27 1 25 29
M  V30 28 1 26 27
M  V30 29 2 29 30
M  V30 30 1 30 28
M  V30 31 2 33 31
M  V30 32 2 34 32
M  V30 33 1 31 35
M  V30 34 1 32 33
M  V30 35 2 35 36
M  V30 36 1 36 34
M  V30 37 1 8 5
M  V30 38 1 14 19
M  V30 39 1 27 36
M  V30 40 10 10 37
M  V30 41 10 6 37
M  V30 42 10 37 35
M  V30 43 10 25 37
M  V30 44 10 21 37
M  V30 45 10 15 37
M  V30 46 1 38 11
M  V30 END BOND
M  V30 END CTAB
M  END
</chemform><chemform id="9f8d1abe82e58" smiles="C(F)1=CC(F)=C2C3=CC=CC=N3~[Ir](~C2=C1)1(~C2=CC(F)=CC(F)=C2C2N~1=CC=CC=2)1~C2C(C3N~1=CC=CC=3)=C(F)C=C(F)C=2" isreaction="" inchi="1S/3C11H7F2N.Ir/c3*12-8-4-5-9(10(13)7-8)11-3-1-2-6-14-11;/h3*1-7H;" inchikey="MOOGSZYNGDRAGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N" height="200px" width="300px" float="none">
  -INDIGO-07122210472D
  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 V3000
M  V30 BEGIN CTAB
M  V30 COUNTS 43 51 0 0 0
M  V30 BEGIN ATOM
M  V30 1 C 3.35388 -2.01258 0.0 0
M  V30 2 C 4.32383 -2.26158 0.0 0
M  V30 3 C 4.6303 -3.13022 0.0 0
M  V30 4 C 3.67187 -3.64634 0.0 0
M  V30 5 C 2.81616 -3.25377 0.0 0
M  V30 6 C 2.69473 -2.51947 0.0 0
M  V30 7 N 4.70247 -4.74547 0.0 0
M  V30 8 C 4.50703 -5.62547 0.0 0
M  V30 9 C 3.56066 -5.97075 0.0 0
M  V30 10 C 2.88786 -5.52592 0.0 0
M  V30 11 C 2.92203 -4.77931 0.0 0
M  V30 12 C 6.19609 -5.30705 0.0 0
M  V30 13 C 7.10483 -5.84556 0.0 0
M  V30 14 C 7.1601 -6.75677 0.0 0
M  V30 15 C 6.54711 -7.15591 0.0 0
M  V30 16 C 5.80722 -6.79558 0.0 0
M  V30 17 C 5.61049 -5.87429 0.0 0
M  V30 18 C 8.59015 -4.22681 0.0 0
M  V30 19 C 9.37931 -4.86415 0.0 0
M  V30 20 C 9.32023 -5.65455 0.0 0
M  V30 21 C 8.59783 -5.98423 0.0 0
M  V30 22 C 7.72436 -5.47622 0.0 0
M  V30 23 N 7.62662 -4.52158 0.0 0
M  V30 24 C 6.11105 -0.379787 0.0 0
M  V30 25 C 6.77119 -0.809596 0.0 0
M  V30 26 C 6.7652 -1.77253 0.0 0
M  V30 27 N 5.94395 -2.35061 0.0 0
M  V30 28 C 5.22334 -1.77336 0.0 0
M  V30 29 C 5.35867 -0.767492 0.0 0
M  V30 30 C 8.22897 -1.51964 0.0 0
M  V30 31 C 8.95456 -1.8394 0.0 0
M  V30 32 C 9.05239 -2.70074 0.0 0
M  V30 33 C 8.28788 -3.38387 0.0 0
M  V30 34 C 7.40988 -3.1222 0.0 0
M  V30 35 C 7.4134 -2.09729 0.0 0
M  V30 36 C 3.80457 -4.32548 0.0 0
M  V30 37 F 1.98956 -3.83629 0.0 0
M  V30 38 F 3.1543 -0.890091 0.0 0
M  V30 39 F 8.14503 -0.46972 0.0 0
M  V30 40 F 10.0756 -3.09587 0.0 0
M  V30 41 F 8.14709 -7.23392 0.0 0
M  V30 42 F 5.00116 -7.44328 0.0 0
M  V30 43 Ir 6.10541 -3.85065 0.0 0
M  V30 END ATOM
M  V30 BEGIN BOND
M  V30 1 1 1 2
M  V30 2 2 2 3
M  V30 3 1 3 4
M  V30 4 2 4 5
M  V30 5 1 5 6
M  V30 6 2 6 1
M  V30 7 2 7 8
M  V30 8 1 8 9
M  V30 9 2 9 10
M  V30 10 1 10 11
M  V30 11 1 12 13
M  V30 12 2 13 14
M  V30 13 1 14 15
M  V30 14 2 15 16
M  V30 15 1 16 17
M  V30 16 2 17 12
M  V30 17 1 18 19
M  V30 18 2 19 20
M  V30 19 1 20 21
M  V30 20 2 21 22
M  V30 21 1 22 23
M  V30 22 2 23 18
M  V30 23 1 24 25
M  V30 24 2 25 26
M  V30 25 1 26 27
M  V30 26 2 27 28
M  V30 27 1 28 29
M  V30 28 2 29 24
M  V30 29 1 30 31
M  V30 30 2 31 32
M  V30 31 1 32 33
M  V30 32 2 33 34
M  V30 33 1 34 35
M  V30 34 2 35 30
M  V30 35 1 36 7
M  V30 36 2 11 36
M  V30 37 1 4 36
M  V30 38 1 13 22
M  V30 39 1 35 26
M  V30 40 1 5 37
M  V30 41 1 1 38
M  V30 42 1 30 39
M  V30 43 1 32 40
M  V30 44 1 14 41
M  V30 45 1 16 42
M  V30 46 8 43 27
M  V30 47 8 34 43
M  V30 48 8 43 23
M  V30 49 8 43 12
M  V30 50 8 43 7
M  V30 51 8 43 3
M  V30 END BOND
M  V30 END CTAB
M  END
</chemform><chemform id="2ada71d4a352" smiles="C1C(C)N2~[Cu+]3(~P(CCCCP~3(C3CCCCC3)C3C=CC=CC=3)(C/C=C\C)C3C=CC=CC=3)~N3C4C2=C(C=CC=4C(C2=CC=CC=C2)=CC3C)C=1C1C=CC=CC=1" isreaction="" inchi="1S/C26H24N2.C26H36P2.Cu/c1-17-15-23(19-9-5-3-6-10-19)21-13-14-22-24(20-11-7-4-8-12-20)16-18(2)28-26(22)25(21)27-17;1-2-3-21-27(24-15-7-4-8-16-24)22-13-14-23-28(25-17-9-5-10-18-25)26-19-11-6-12-20-26;/h3-18,27-28H,1-2H3;2-5,7-10,15-18,26H,6,11-14,19-23H2,1H3;/q;;+1/b;3-2-;" inchikey="JWMZXCOELBVURC-PMOSZIESSA-N" height="200px" width="300px" float="none">
  -INDIGO-07142209192D
  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 V3000
M  V30 BEGIN CTAB
M  V30 COUNTS 57 66 6 0 0
M  V30 BEGIN ATOM
M  V30 1 C 10.527 7.18755 0.0 0
M  V30 2 C 11.3802 6.75675 0.0 0
M  V30 3 C 11.3775 5.86652 0.0 0
M  V30 4 C 10.5265 5.33811 0.0 0
M  V30 5 N 9.64766 5.71133 0.0 0
M  V30 6 C 9.62093 6.65612 0.0 0
M  V30 7 C 12.1468 5.45866 0.0 0
M  V30 8 C 12.1816 4.58201 0.0 0
M  V30 9 C 11.4478 4.13243 0.0 0
M  V30 10 C 10.6074 4.55856 0.0 0
M  V30 11 C 11.5236 3.23914 0.0 0
M  V30 12 C 10.7307 2.65735 0.0 0
M  V30 13 C 9.78563 3.19102 0.0 0
M  V30 14 N 9.7359 3.98661 0.0 0
M  V30 15 C 13.6404 8.56769 0.0 0
M  V30 16 C 14.3942 7.94459 0.0 0
M  V30 17 C 14.2347 6.98422 0.0 0
M  V30 18 C 13.2874 6.61878 0.0 0
M  V30 19 C 12.4677 7.25182 0.0 0
M  V30 20 C 12.6764 8.23715 0.0 0
M  V30 21 C 13.1745 3.36136 0.0 0
M  V30 22 C 14.0381 2.93732 0.0 0
M  V30 23 C 14.1075 1.97289 0.0 0
M  V30 24 C 13.3088 1.43065 0.0 0
M  V30 25 C 12.4352 1.85481 0.0 0
M  V30 26 C 12.3606 2.82631 0.0 0
M  V30 27 C 8.79855 7.2201 0.0 0
M  V30 28 C 9.04987 2.4813 0.0 0
M  V30 29 Cu 8.73352 4.77777 0.0 0 CHG=1
M  V30 30 P 7.76899 4.2268 0.0 0
M  V30 31 P 7.71865 5.33155 0.0 0
M  V30 32 C 7.51512 3.45575 0.0 0
M  V30 33 C 8.30391 2.83731 0.0 0
M  V30 34 C 8.23049 1.66785 0.0 0
M  V30 35 C 7.27835 1.28231 0.0 0
M  V30 36 C 6.42159 1.90749 0.0 0
M  V30 37 C 6.61654 3.14995 0.0 0
M  V30 38 C 8.57672 3.49647 0.0 0
M  V30 39 C 9.29169 4.05378 0.0 0
M  V30 40 C 10.1216 3.51123 0.0 0
M  V30 41 C 10.1749 2.73137 0.0 0
M  V30 42 C 9.42568 2.131 0.0 0
M  V30 43 C 8.63848 2.68797 0.0 0
M  V30 44 C 7.97685 6.35559 0.0 0
M  V30 45 C 7.18433 7.00502 0.0 0
M  V30 46 C 7.34087 8.00233 0.0 0
M  V30 47 C 8.29595 8.39413 0.0 0
M  V30 48 C 9.11617 7.82782 0.0 0
M  V30 49 C 8.90645 6.64847 0.0 0
M  V30 50 C 6.82686 6.52494 0.0 0
M  V30 51 C 6.53522 4.60324 0.0 0
M  V30 52 C 6.03405 6.32273 0.0 0
M  V30 53 C 5.75576 5.37142 0.0 0
M  V30 54 C 7.06416 4.79107 0.0 0
M  V30 55 C 7.06416 4.79107 0.0 0
M  V30 56 C 7.06416 4.79107 0.0 0
M  V30 57 C 7.06416 4.79107 0.0 0
M  V30 END ATOM
M  V30 BEGIN BOND
M  V30 1 2 1 2
M  V30 2 1 2 3
M  V30 3 2 3 4
M  V30 4 1 4 5
M  V30 5 1 5 6
M  V30 6 1 6 1
M  V30 7 1 3 7
M  V30 8 2 7 8
M  V30 9 1 8 9
M  V30 10 2 9 10
M  V30 11 1 10 4
M  V30 12 2 11 12
M  V30 13 1 13 14
M  V30 14 1 14 10
M  V30 15 1 12 13
M  V30 16 1 11 9
M  V30 17 1 15 16
M  V30 18 2 16 17
M  V30 19 1 17 18
M  V30 20 2 18 19
M  V30 21 1 19 20
M  V30 22 2 20 15
M  V30 23 1 21 22
M  V30 24 2 22 23
M  V30 25 1 23 24
M  V30 26 2 24 25
M  V30 27 1 25 26
M  V30 28 2 26 21
M  V30 29 1 11 26
M  V30 30 1 2 19
M  V30 31 1 6 27
M  V30 32 1 13 28
M  V30 33 8 5 29
M  V30 34 8 14 29
M  V30 35 8 29 30
M  V30 36 8 29 31
M  V30 37 1 30 32
M  V30 38 2 33 32
M  V30 39 1 34 33
M  V30 40 2 35 34
M  V30 41 1 36 35
M  V30 42 2 37 36
M  V30 43 1 32 37
M  V30 44 1 30 38
M  V30 45 1 39 38
M  V30 46 1 40 39
M  V30 47 1 41 40
M  V30 48 1 42 41
M  V30 49 1 43 42
M  V30 50 1 38 43
M  V30 51 1 31 44
M  V30 52 2 45 44
M  V30 53 1 46 45
M  V30 54 2 47 46
M  V30 55 1 48 47
M  V30 56 2 49 48
M  V30 57 1 44 49
M  V30 58 1 31 50
M  V30 59 1 50 52
M  V30 60 2 52 53
M  V30 61 1 53 51
M  V30 62 1 31 54
M  V30 63 1 54 55
M  V30 64 1 55 56
M  V30 65 1 56 57
M  V30 66 1 57 30
M  V30 END BOND
M  V30 BEGIN SGROUP
M  V30 1 SUP 1 ATOMS=(6 32 33 34 35 36 37) BRKXYZ=(9 0.000000 0.000000 0.0000-
M  V30 00 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000) BRKXYZ=(9 0.-
M  V30 000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 -
M  V30 0.000000) LABEL=Ph
M  V30 2 SUP 2 ATOMS=(6 38 39 40 41 42 43) BRKXYZ=(9 0.000000 0.000000 0.0000-
M  V30 00 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000) BRKXYZ=(9 0.-
M  V30 000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 -
M  V30 0.000000) LABEL=Ph
M  V30 3 SUP 3 ATOMS=(6 44 45 46 47 48 49) BRKXYZ=(9 0.000000 0.000000 0.0000-
M  V30 00 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000) BRKXYZ=(9 0.-
M  V30 000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 -
M  V30 0.000000) LABEL=Ph
M  V30 4 SUP 4 ATOMS=(4 50 51 52 53) BRKXYZ=(9 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.0-
M  V30 00000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000) BRKXYZ=(9 0.000000-
M  V30  0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.0000-
M  V30 00) LABEL=Ph
M  V30 5 MUL 5 ATOMS=(4 54 55 56 57) BRKXYZ=(9 6.564161 4.291071 0.000000 6.5-
M  V30 64161 5.291071 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000) BRKXYZ=(9 7.564161-
M  V30  5.291071 0.000000 7.564161 4.291071 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.0000-
M  V30 00) PATOMS=(1 54) MULT=4
M  V30 6 GEN 6 ATOMS=(54 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2-
M  V30 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44-
M  V30  45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54) BRKXYZ=(9 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0-
M  V30 .000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000) BRKXYZ=(9 0.0000-
M  V30 00 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.00-
M  V30 0000)
M  V30 END SGROUP
M  V30 END CTAB
M  END
</chemform>
<chemform smiles="C1C2C3C=CC(Br)=CN=3[Ru]3(N4C(C5C=CC=CN=53)=CC=CC=4)3(N4C=CC=CC=4C4C=CC=CN=43)N=2C=CC=1" inchikey="CLNINCHTGNZSOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N" inchi="1S/C10H7BrN2.2C10H8N2.Ru/c11-8-4-5-10(13-7-8)9-3-1-2-6-12-9;2*1-3-7-11-9(5-1)10-6-2-4-8-12-10;/h1-7H;2*1-8H;" float="none" width="200" height="200">
  -INDIGO-11262313232D
  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 V3000
M  V30 BEGIN CTAB
M  V30 COUNTS 38 46 0 0 0
M  V30 BEGIN ATOM
M  V30 1 C 7.01072 -3.66709 0.0 0
M  V30 2 C 8.46567 -3.66409 0.0 0
M  V30 3 C 7.77046 -3.26885 0.0 0
M  V30 4 C 8.55261 -4.48498 0.0 0
M  V30 5 C 6.99831 -4.48834 0.0 0
M  V30 6 N 8.04613 -4.95142 0.0 0
M  V30 7 C 4.81424 -5.61621 0.0 0
M  V30 8 C 6.42638 -5.65901 0.0 0
M  V30 9 C 5.54168 -5.20978 0.0 0
M  V30 10 N 6.57191 -6.47504 0.0 0
M  V30 11 C 4.81821 -6.46102 0.0 0
M  V30 12 C 5.63496 -6.96299 0.0 0
M  V30 13 C 6.41084 -7.74028 0.0 0
M  V30 14 C 7.98196 -8.24949 0.0 0
M  V30 15 N 7.458 -7.41393 0.0 0
M  V30 16 C 7.7065 -8.97042 0.0 0
M  V30 17 C 6.31664 -8.77002 0.0 0
M  V30 18 C 7.02114 -9.25145 0.0 0
M  V30 19 C 8.64747 -8.35517 0.0 0
M  V30 20 C 10.2569 -8.37475 0.0 0
M  V30 21 N 9.22788 -7.77097 0.0 0
M  V30 22 C 10.172 -9.41607 0.0 0
M  V30 23 C 8.73807 -9.30161 0.0 0
M  V30 24 C 9.37061 -9.77608 0.0 0
M  V30 25 N 10.1295 -6.17025 0.0 0
M  V30 26 C 11.7911 -5.62804 0.0 0
M  V30 27 C 10.8612 -5.47731 0.0 0
M  V30 28 C 11.9372 -6.45321 0.0 0
M  V30 29 C 10.423 -6.76451 0.0 0
M  V30 30 C 11.2893 -6.96356 0.0 0
M  V30 31 C 9.75728 -3.84639 0.0 0
M  V30 32 C 11.3568 -3.66502 0.0 0
M  V30 33 C 10.5774 -3.33632 0.0 0
M  V30 34 C 11.4448 -4.44688 0.0 0
M  V30 35 N 9.75639 -4.75933 0.0 0
M  V30 36 C 10.7762 -4.92966 0.0 0
M  V30 37 Ru 8.40385 -6.13482 0.0 0
M  V30 38 Br 3.675 -6.975 0.0 0
M  V30 END ATOM
M  V30 BEGIN BOND
M  V30 1 2 3 1
M  V30 2 2 4 2
M  V30 3 1 1 5
M  V30 4 1 2 3
M  V30 5 2 5 6
M  V30 6 1 6 4
M  V30 7 2 9 7
M  V30 8 2 10 8
M  V30 9 1 7 11
M  V30 10 1 8 9
M  V30 11 2 11 12
M  V30 12 1 12 10
M  V30 13 2 15 13
M  V30 14 2 16 14
M  V30 15 1 13 17
M  V30 16 1 14 15
M  V30 17 2 17 18
M  V30 18 1 18 16
M  V30 19 2 21 19
M  V30 20 2 22 20
M  V30 21 1 19 23
M  V30 22 1 20 21
M  V30 23 2 23 24
M  V30 24 1 24 22
M  V30 25 2 27 25
M  V30 26 2 28 26
M  V30 27 1 25 29
M  V30 28 1 26 27
M  V30 29 2 29 30
M  V30 30 1 30 28
M  V30 31 2 33 31
M  V30 32 2 34 32
M  V30 33 1 31 35
M  V30 34 1 32 33
M  V30 35 2 35 36
M  V30 36 1 36 34
M  V30 37 1 8 5
M  V30 38 1 14 19
M  V30 39 1 27 36
M  V30 40 10 10 37
M  V30 41 10 6 37
M  V30 42 10 37 35
M  V30 43 10 25 37
M  V30 44 10 21 37
M  V30 45 10 15 37
M  V30 46 1 38 11
M  V30 END BOND
M  V30 END CTAB
M  END
</chemform>


=== Non-metal-containing photosensitizers ===
=== Non-metal-containing photosensitizers ===
Line 737: Line 268:
M  V30 END CTAB
M  V30 END CTAB
M  END
M  END
</chemform> <chemform id="f80a6f4ca2efb" smiles="C1=C(Br)C(O)=C(Br)C2CC3=C(Br)C(O)=C(Br)C=C3C3(OC(=O)C4=CC=CC=C34)C12" isreaction="" inchi="1S/C21H12Br4O4/c22-14-6-12-9(16(24)18(14)26)5-10-13(7-15(23)19(27)17(10)25)21(12)11-4-2-1-3-8(11)20(28)29-21/h1-4,6-7,9,12,26-27H,5H2" inchikey="RVPZUCVLMVAEGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N" height="200px" width="300px" float="none">
</chemform>  
  -INDIGO-07072219222D
 
  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 V3000
M  V30 BEGIN CTAB
M  V30 COUNTS 29 33 0 0 0
M  V30 BEGIN ATOM
M  V30 1 C 4.05 -4.49999 0.0 0
M  V30 2 C 4.91601 -4.99999 0.0 0
M  V30 3 C 4.91601 -6.0 0.0 0
M  V30 4 C 4.05 -6.50001 0.0 0
M  V30 5 C 3.18399 -6.0 0.0 0
M  V30 6 C 3.18399 -4.99999 0.0 0
M  V30 7 C 5.78206 -4.49996 0.0 0
M  V30 8 C 6.64811 -4.99995 0.0 0
M  V30 9 C 6.64811 -5.99996 0.0 0
M  V30 10 C 5.78206 -6.49999 0.0 0
M  V30 11 C 7.51416 -4.49992 0.0 0
M  V30 12 C 8.38022 -4.9999 0.0 0
M  V30 13 C 8.38022 -5.99992 0.0 0
M  V30 14 C 7.51416 -6.49995 0.0 0
M  V30 15 Br 9.24623 -4.49989 0.0 0
M  V30 16 O 9.24624 -6.49991 0.0 0
M  V30 17 Br 7.51418 -7.49995 0.0 0
M  V30 18 Br 4.05 -7.50001 0.0 0
M  V30 19 O 2.31796 -6.5 0.0 0
M  V30 20 Br 2.31796 -4.5 0.0 0
M  V30 21 C 4.97307 -3.91217 0.0 0
M  V30 22 C 5.28207 -2.96108 0.0 0
M  V30 23 C 6.28206 -2.96108 0.0 0
M  V30 24 O 6.59105 -3.91217 0.0 0
M  V30 25 C 3.3257 -3.37701 0.0 0
M  V30 26 C 3.6347 -2.42592 0.0 0
M  V30 27 C 4.61288 -2.21796 0.0 0
M  V30 28 C 4.03281 -4.08411 0.0 0
M  V30 29 O 6.98916 -2.25398 0.0 0
M  V30 END ATOM
M  V30 BEGIN BOND
M  V30 1 1 1 2
M  V30 2 1 2 3
M  V30 3 1 3 4
M  V30 4 2 4 5
M  V30 5 1 5 6
M  V30 6 2 6 1
M  V30 7 1 2 7
M  V30 8 1 7 8
M  V30 9 1 8 9
M  V30 10 1 9 10
M  V30 11 1 10 3
M  V30 12 2 8 11
M  V30 13 1 11 12
M  V30 14 2 12 13
M  V30 15 1 13 14
M  V30 16 2 14 9
M  V30 17 1 12 15
M  V30 18 1 13 16
M  V30 19 1 14 17
M  V30 20 1 4 18
M  V30 21 1 5 19
M  V30 22 1 6 20
M  V30 23 1 7 21
M  V30 24 1 21 22
M  V30 25 1 22 23
M  V30 26 1 23 24
M  V30 27 1 24 7
M  V30 28 2 25 26
M  V30 29 1 26 27
M  V30 30 2 27 22
M  V30 31 1 25 28
M  V30 32 2 28 21
M  V30 33 2 23 29
M  V30 END BOND
M  V30 END CTAB
M  END
</chemform>
 
 
 
 
== Catalysts ==
== Catalysts ==


==== Manganese-based catalysts ====
==== Manganese-based catalysts ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Entry
!CAT
!conc
!PS
!conc
!e-D
!conc
!Solvent
!lamdaexc
!irr time
!CO
!TON
!QY [%]
!further data
!link to experiment
|-
|1
|
|
|100012
|
|100010
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2
|
|
|100013
|
|100010
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|3
|
|
|100014
|
|100010
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}


==== Iron-based catalysts ====
==== Iron-based catalysts ====
Iron complexes: Known for the reduction of CO2 to H2 and CO [https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cctc.201402515 <nowiki>[link to publication]</nowiki>]
Iron complexes: Known for the reduction of CO2 to H2 and CO [https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cctc.201402515 <nowiki>[link to publication]</nowiki>]
<chemform id="2dae55138a2a5" smiles="C1C=CC(C2C3=N4~[Fe+3]56~N7C(=C(C8[N-]~5C(C(=C4C=C3)C3C=CC=CC=3)=CC=8)C3C=CC=CC=3)C=CC=7C(=C3[N-]~6C=2C=C3)C2C=CC=CC=2)=CC=1.[Cl-]" isreaction="" inchi="1S/C44H28N4.ClH.Fe/c1-5-13-29(14-6-1)41-33-21-23-35(45-33)42(30-15-7-2-8-16-30)37-25-27-39(47-37)44(32-19-11-4-12-20-32)40-28-26-38(48-40)43(31-17-9-3-10-18-31)36-24-22-34(41)46-36;;/h1-28H;1H;/q-2;;+3/p-1/b41-33-,41-34-,42-35-,42-37-,43-36-,43-38-,44-39-,44-40-;;" inchikey="ZDYSAMCSFRQDMN-YKKPBKTHSA-M" height="200px" width="300px" float="none">
  -INDIGO-07072219252D
  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 V3000
M  V30 BEGIN CTAB
M  V30 COUNTS 50 60 0 0 0
M  V30 BEGIN ATOM
M  V30 1 C 3.68671 3.81803 0.0 0
M  V30 2 C -3.94934 3.81803 0.0 0
M  V30 3 C 3.68671 -3.81803 0.0 0
M  V30 4 C -3.94934 -3.81803 0.0 0
M  V30 5 C 3.94131 2.86787 0.0 0
M  V30 6 C 2.73656 4.07262 0.0 0
M  V30 7 C -2.99919 4.07262 0.0 0
M  V30 8 C -4.20394 2.86787 0.0 0
M  V30 9 C 2.73656 -4.07262 0.0 0
M  V30 10 C 3.94131 -2.86787 0.0 0
M  V30 11 C -4.20394 -2.86787 0.0 0
M  V30 12 C -2.99919 -4.07262 0.0 0
M  V30 13 C 3.24574 2.17231 0.0 0
M  V30 14 C 2.04099 3.37706 0.0 0
M  V30 15 C -2.30362 3.37706 0.0 0
M  V30 16 C -3.50837 2.17231 0.0 0
M  V30 17 C 2.04099 -3.37706 0.0 0
M  V30 18 C 3.24574 -2.17231 0.0 0
M  V30 19 C -3.50837 -2.17231 0.0 0
M  V30 20 C -2.30362 -3.37706 0.0 0
M  V30 21 C 0.360522 2.97084 0.0 0
M  V30 22 C 2.83953 0.491837 0.0 0
M  V30 23 C -0.623152 2.97084 0.0 0
M  V30 24 C 2.83953 -0.491837 0.0 0
M  V30 25 C -3.10216 0.491837 0.0 0
M  V30 26 C 0.360522 -2.97084 0.0 0
M  V30 27 C -3.10216 -0.491837 0.0 0
M  V30 28 C -0.623152 -2.97084 0.0 0
M  V30 29 C 2.29559 2.4269 0.0 0
M  V30 30 C -2.55822 2.4269 0.0 0
M  V30 31 C 2.29559 -2.4269 0.0 0
M  V30 32 C -2.55822 -2.4269 0.0 0
M  V30 33 C 0.664494 2.03531 0.0 0
M  V30 34 C 1.904 0.795809 0.0 0
M  V30 35 C -0.927124 2.03531 0.0 0
M  V30 36 C 1.904 -0.795809 0.0 0
M  V30 37 C -2.16663 0.795809 0.0 0
M  V30 38 C 0.664494 -2.03531 0.0 0
M  V30 39 C -2.16663 -0.795809 0.0 0
M  V30 40 C -0.927124 -2.03531 0.0 0
M  V30 41 C 1.60002 1.73134 0.0 0
M  V30 42 C -1.86265 1.73134 0.0 0
M  V30 43 C 1.60002 -1.73134 0.0 0
M  V30 44 C -1.86265 -1.73134 0.0 0
M  V30 45 N -0.131315 1.45712 0.0 0 CHG=-1
M  V30 46 N 1.32581 0.0 0.0 0
M  V30 47 N -1.58844 0.0 0.0 0
M  V30 48 N -0.131315 -1.45712 0.0 0 CHG=-1
M  V30 49 Fe -0.0813151 -0.0565947 0.0 0 CHG=3
M  V30 50 Cl 4.20394 0.103124 0.0 0 CHG=-1
M  V30 END ATOM
M  V30 BEGIN BOND
M  V30 1 2 5 1
M  V30 2 1 6 1
M  V30 3 2 7 2
M  V30 4 1 8 2
M  V30 5 2 9 3
M  V30 6 1 10 3
M  V30 7 2 11 4
M  V30 8 1 12 4
M  V30 9 1 13 5
M  V30 10 2 14 6
M  V30 11 1 15 7
M  V30 12 2 16 8
M  V30 13 1 17 9
M  V30 14 2 18 10
M  V30 15 1 19 11
M  V30 16 2 20 12
M  V30 17 2 23 21
M  V30 18 2 24 22
M  V30 19 2 27 25
M  V30 20 1 28 26
M  V30 21 2 29 13
M  V30 22 1 29 14
M  V30 23 2 30 15
M  V30 24 1 30 16
M  V30 25 2 31 17
M  V30 26 1 31 18
M  V30 27 2 32 19
M  V30 28 1 32 20
M  V30 29 1 33 21
M  V30 30 1 34 22
M  V30 31 1 35 23
M  V30 32 1 36 24
M  V30 33 1 37 25
M  V30 34 2 38 26
M  V30 35 1 39 27
M  V30 36 2 40 28
M  V30 37 1 41 29
M  V30 38 2 41 33
M  V30 39 1 41 34
M  V30 40 1 42 30
M  V30 41 2 42 35
M  V30 42 1 42 37
M  V30 43 1 43 31
M  V30 44 2 43 36
M  V30 45 1 43 38
M  V30 46 1 44 32
M  V30 47 2 44 39
M  V30 48 1 44 40
M  V30 49 1 45 33
M  V30 50 1 45 35
M  V30 51 2 46 34
M  V30 52 1 46 36
M  V30 53 2 47 37
M  V30 54 1 47 39
M  V30 55 1 48 38
M  V30 56 1 48 40
M  V30 57 8 45 49
M  V30 58 8 48 49
M  V30 59 8 47 49
M  V30 60 8 46 49
M  V30 END BOND
M  V30 END CTAB
M  END
</chemform>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Entry
!CAT
!conc
!PS
!conc
!e-D
!conc
!Solvent
!lamdaexc
!irr time
!CO
!TON
!QY [%]
!further data
!link to experiment
|-
|1
|100005
|
|100012
|
|100010
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2
|100005
|
|100013
|
|100010
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|3
|100005
|
|100014
|
|100010
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}


==== Rhenium-based catalysts ====
==== Rhenium-based catalysts ====
Rhenium complexes are known to act as photocatalysts and electrocatalysts for reducing CO2 to CO.   
Rhenium complexes are known to act as photocatalysts and electrocatalysts for reducing CO2 to CO.   


Here an example DOI as reference {{#literature:|doi=https://doi.org/10.1021/ic500829p}}{{#literature:|doi=https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC04040A}} {{#literature:|doi=https://doi.org/10.1002/cptc.202100034}
Here an example DOI as reference {{#literature:|doi=https://doi.org/10.1021/ic500829p}}{{#literature:|doi=https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC04040A}} {{#literature:|doi=https://doi.org/10.1002/cptc.202100034}}
 
  <blockquote>  </blockquote> 
 
<chemform id="d24aa19d41b28" smiles="[Re](Br)1(~N2C(C3C=CC=CN=3~1)=CC=CC=2)(~C=O)(~C=O)~C=O" isreaction="" inchi="1S/C10H8N2.3CH2O.BrH.Re/c1-3-7-11-9(5-1)10-6-2-4-8-12-10;3*1-2;;/h1-8H;3*1H2;1H;/q;;;;;+1/p-1" inchikey="KKQAGERXQUNLJM-UHFFFAOYSA-M" height="150px" width="200px" float="none">
  -INDIGO-07072219252D
 
  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 V3000
M  V30 BEGIN CTAB
M  V30 COUNTS 20 22 3 0 0
M  V30 BEGIN ATOM
M  V30 1 Re 0.30604 -0.00717888 0.0 0
M  V30 2 C -2.34979 -1.7255 0.0 0
M  V30 3 C -1.60196 -2.15112 0.0 0
M  V30 4 C -0.859453 -1.71629 0.0 0
M  V30 5 N -0.864771 -0.855843 0.0 0
M  V30 6 C -1.6126 -0.430224 0.0 0
M  V30 7 C -2.35511 -0.865054 0.0 0
M  V30 8 C -1.61792 0.430223 0.0 0
M  V30 9 N -0.875404 0.865052 0.0 0
M  V30 10 C -0.880722 1.7255 0.0 0
M  V30 11 C -1.62855 2.15112 0.0 0
M  V30 12 C -2.37106 1.71629 0.0 0
M  V30 13 C -2.36574 0.855842 0.0 0
M  V30 14 Br 0.30604 1.31389 0.0 0
M  V30 15 C 1.40946 0.808868 0.0 0
M  V30 16 O 2.10128 1.32051 0.0 0
M  V30 17 C 1.6004 -0.649996 0.0 0
M  V30 18 O 2.37106 -1.03273 0.0 0
M  V30 19 C 0.30604 -1.18652 0.0 0
M  V30 20 O 0.30604 -2.04699 0.0 0
M  V30 END ATOM
M  V30 BEGIN BOND
M  V30 1 2 15 16
M  V30 2 8 1 15
M  V30 3 2 17 18
M  V30 4 8 1 17
M  V30 5 2 19 20
M  V30 6 8 1 19
M  V30 7 2 2 3
M  V30 8 1 3 4
M  V30 9 2 4 5
M  V30 10 1 5 6
M  V30 11 2 6 7
M  V30 12 1 7 2
M  V30 13 1 6 8
M  V30 14 2 8 9
M  V30 15 1 9 10
M  V30 16 2 10 11
M  V30 17 1 11 12
M  V30 18 2 12 13
M  V30 19 1 13 8
M  V30 20 8 1 9
M  V30 21 8 5 1
M  V30 22 1 1 14
M  V30 END BOND
M  V30 BEGIN SGROUP
M  V30 1 SUP 1 ATOMS=(2 15 16) BRKXYZ=(9 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 -
M  V30 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000) BRKXYZ=(9 0.000000 0.000-
M  V30 000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000) LA-
M  V30 BEL=CO
M  V30 2 SUP 2 ATOMS=(2 17 18) BRKXYZ=(9 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 -
M  V30 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000) BRKXYZ=(9 0.000000 0.000-
M  V30 000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000) LA-
M  V30 BEL=CO
M  V30 3 SUP 3 ATOMS=(2 19 20) BRKXYZ=(9 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 -
M  V30 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000) BRKXYZ=(9 0.000000 0.000-
M  V30 000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000) LA-
M  V30 BEL=CO
M  V30 END SGROUP
M  V30 END CTAB
M  END
</chemform>
 
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Entry
!CAT
!conc
!PS
!conc
!e-D
!conc
!Solvent
!lamdaexc
!irr time
!CO
!TON
!QY [%]
!further data
!link to experiment
|-
|1
|100006
|
|100012
|
|100010
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2
|100006
|
|100013
|
|100010
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|3
|100006
|
|100014
|
|100010
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}


==== Nickel-based catalysts ====
==== Nickel-based catalysts ====
<chemform id="4ec7cd14b6eeb" smiles="N12[Ni]N(CCNCCC1)CCCNCC2" isreaction="" inchi="1S/C10H24N4.Ni/c1-3-11-7-9-13-5-2-6-14-10-8-12-4-1;/h11-14H,1-10H2;" inchikey="WFMYWHCCMCJJEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N" height="200px" width="300px" float="none">
  -INDIGO-07072219262D
  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 V3000
M  V30 BEGIN CTAB
M  V30 COUNTS 15 16 0 0 0
M  V30 BEGIN ATOM
M  V30 1 N 0.807974 0.932969 0.0 0
M  V30 2 C 1.61595 0.466485 0.0 0
M  V30 3 C 1.61595 -0.466485 0.0 0
M  V30 4 N 0.807974 -0.932969 0.0 0
M  V30 5 C 0.807974 -1.86594 0.0 0
M  V30 6 C 0.0 -2.33242 0.0 0
M  V30 7 C -0.807975 -1.86594 0.0 0
M  V30 8 N -0.807975 -0.932969 0.0 0
M  V30 9 C -1.61595 -0.466485 0.0 0
M  V30 10 C -1.61595 0.466485 0.0 0
M  V30 11 N -0.807975 0.932969 0.0 0
M  V30 12 C -0.807975 1.86594 0.0 0
M  V30 13 C 0.0 2.33242 0.0 0
M  V30 14 C 0.807974 1.86594 0.0 0
M  V30 15 Ni -0.05 -0.025 0.0 0
M  V30 END ATOM
M  V30 BEGIN BOND
M  V30 1 1 1 2
M  V30 2 1 2 3
M  V30 3 1 3 4
M  V30 4 1 4 5
M  V30 5 1 5 6
M  V30 6 1 6 7
M  V30 7 1 7 8
M  V30 8 1 8 9
M  V30 9 1 9 10
M  V30 10 1 10 11
M  V30 11 1 11 12
M  V30 12 1 12 13
M  V30 13 1 13 14
M  V30 14 1 1 14
M  V30 15 9 1 15
M  V30 16 9 8 15
M  V30 END BOND
M  V30 END CTAB
M  END
</chemform>


{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Entry
!CAT
!conc
!PS
!conc
!e-D
!conc
!Solvent
!lamdaexc
!irr time
!CO
!TON
!QY [%]
!further data
!link to experiment
|-
|1
|100007
|
|100012
|
|100010
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2
|100007
|
|100013
|
|100010
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|3
|100007
|
|100014
|
|100010
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}


==== Cobalt-based catalysts ====
==== Cobalt-based catalysts ====
<chemform id="8e15d05671b1e" smiles="C1N2~[Co]34(~N5=C(C=CC=C5C5N~3=CC=CC=5)C3=N~4C=CC=C3)3~N4=C(C=CC=C4C4N~3=CC=CC=4)C=2C=CC=1" isreaction="" inchi="1S/2C15H11N3.Co/c2*1-3-10-16-12(6-1)14-8-5-9-15(18-14)13-7-2-4-11-17-13;/h2*1-11H;" inchikey="KQXPYTLHISLCIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N" height="200px" width="300px" float="none">
  -INDIGO-07072219262D
  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 V3000
M  V30 BEGIN CTAB
M  V30 COUNTS 37 46 0 0 0
M  V30 BEGIN ATOM
M  V30 1 C -0.610215 -2.25246 0.0 0
M  V30 2 C -1.02864 -3.01146 0.0 0
M  V30 3 C -1.89516 -3.0286 0.0 0
M  V30 4 C -2.34327 -2.28673 0.0 0
M  V30 5 C -1.92485 -1.52773 0.0 0
M  V30 6 N -1.05832 -1.51059 0.0 0
M  V30 7 C -2.37295 -0.785863 0.0 0
M  V30 8 C -3.23948 -0.802998 0.0 0
M  V30 9 C -3.68758 -0.061133 0.0 0
M  V30 10 C -3.26916 0.69787 0.0 0
M  V30 11 C -2.40263 0.715005 0.0 0
M  V30 12 N -1.95453 -0.0268602 0.0 0
M  V30 13 C -1.98421 1.47401 0.0 0
M  V30 14 C -2.43231 2.21587 0.0 0
M  V30 15 C -2.01389 2.97488 0.0 0
M  V30 16 C -1.14736 2.99201 0.0 0
M  V30 17 C -0.699257 2.25014 0.0 0
M  V30 18 N -1.11768 1.49114 0.0 0
M  V30 19 Co 0.096926 0.00199393 0.0 0
M  V30 20 C 0.604714 2.24923 0.0 0
M  V30 21 C 1.02123 3.00928 0.0 0
M  V30 22 C 1.88771 3.0286 0.0 0
M  V30 23 C 2.33768 2.28786 0.0 0
M  V30 24 C 1.92116 1.52781 0.0 0
M  V30 25 N 1.05468 1.50849 0.0 0
M  V30 26 C 2.37113 0.787071 0.0 0
M  V30 27 C 3.23761 0.806386 0.0 0
M  V30 28 C 3.68758 0.0656493 0.0 0
M  V30 29 C 3.27107 -0.694402 0.0 0
M  V30 30 C 2.40459 -0.713717 0.0 0
M  V30 31 N 1.95462 0.0270188 0.0 0
M  V30 32 C 1.98807 -1.47377 0.0 0
M  V30 33 C 2.43804 -2.21451 0.0 0
M  V30 34 C 2.02153 -2.97456 0.0 0
M  V30 35 C 1.15505 -2.99387 0.0 0
M  V30 36 C 0.705079 -2.25314 0.0 0
M  V30 37 N 1.12159 -1.49308 0.0 0
M  V30 END ATOM
M  V30 BEGIN BOND
M  V30 1 2 1 2
M  V30 2 1 2 3
M  V30 3 2 3 4
M  V30 4 1 4 5
M  V30 5 2 5 6
M  V30 6 1 1 6
M  V30 7 1 5 7
M  V30 8 1 7 8
M  V30 9 2 8 9
M  V30 10 1 9 10
M  V30 11 2 10 11
M  V30 12 1 11 12
M  V30 13 2 7 12
M  V30 14 1 11 13
M  V30 15 2 13 14
M  V30 16 1 14 15
M  V30 17 2 15 16
M  V30 18 1 16 17
M  V30 19 2 17 18
M  V30 20 1 13 18
M  V30 21 2 20 21
M  V30 22 1 21 22
M  V30 23 2 22 23
M  V30 24 1 23 24
M  V30 25 2 24 25
M  V30 26 1 20 25
M  V30 27 1 24 26
M  V30 28 1 26 27
M  V30 29 2 27 28
M  V30 30 1 28 29
M  V30 31 2 29 30
M  V30 32 1 30 31
M  V30 33 2 26 31
M  V30 34 1 30 32
M  V30 35 2 32 33
M  V30 36 1 33 34
M  V30 37 2 34 35
M  V30 38 1 35 36
M  V30 39 2 36 37
M  V30 40 1 32 37
M  V30 41 8 25 19
M  V30 42 8 18 19
M  V30 43 8 12 19
M  V30 44 8 6 19
M  V30 45 8 37 19
M  V30 46 8 31 19
M  V30 END BOND
M  V30 END CTAB
M  END
</chemform><!-- Hier eine Liste einfügen, die die Experimente zusammenfasst, die
- als type chemical conversion haben
- als startmaterial "CO2" haben
- als product CO haben
- acts as catalyst eine Organometallverbindung vorweisen
- Einträge die im Molekül, das als Katalysator wirkt, ein CO haben
- es sollen nur die Spalten abgebildet werden, die auch hier verfügbar sind (auch wenn die Experimente mehrere Spalten zuätzlich beinhalten) -->
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Entry
!CAT
!conc
!PS
!conc
!e-D
!conc
!Solvent
!lamdaexc
!irr time
!CO
!TON
!QY [%]
!further data
!link to experiment
|-
|1
|100008
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|100012
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|100010
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|-
|2
|100008
|
|100013
|
|100010
|
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|
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|-
|3
|100008
|
|100014
|
|100010
|
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|-
|4
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|}


== Combined Systems ==
== Combined Systems ==
Line 1,599: Line 291:
== Sacrificial electron donors ==
== Sacrificial electron donors ==


<chemform id="3c58b8ad04f69" smiles="CCN(CC)CC" isreaction="" inchi="1S/C6H15N/c1-4-7(5-2)6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H3" inchikey="ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N" height="200px" width="300px" float="left">
<chemform smiles="N(CC)(CC)CC" inchikey="ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N" inchi="1S/C6H15N/c1-4-7(5-2)6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H3" float="none" width="200" height="200">
   -INDIGO-07072219282D
   -INDIGO-01042416522D


   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 V3000
   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 V3000
Line 1,606: Line 298:
M  V30 COUNTS 7 6 0 0 0
M  V30 COUNTS 7 6 0 0 0
M  V30 BEGIN ATOM
M  V30 BEGIN ATOM
M  V30 1 C 3.56699 -4.675 0.0 0
M  V30 1 N 9.05997 -6.33177 0.0 0
M  V30 2 C 4.43301 -4.175 0.0 0
M  V30 2 C 8.35579 -5.63333 0.0 0
M  V30 3 N 5.29904 -4.675 0.0 0
M  V30 3 C 7.39895 -5.89012 0.0 0
M  V30 4 C 6.16506 -4.175 0.0 0
M  V30 4 C 10.0472 -6.05249 0.0 0
M  V30 5 C 7.03109 -4.675 0.0 0
M  V30 5 C 10.7737 -6.74539 0.0 0
M  V30 6 C 5.29904 -5.675 0.0 0
M  V30 6 C 8.81579 -7.28361 0.0 0
M  V30 7 C 4.43301 -6.175 0.0 0
M  V30 7 C 9.54063 -7.97968 0.0 0
M  V30 END ATOM
M  V30 END ATOM
M  V30 BEGIN BOND
M  V30 BEGIN BOND
M  V30 1 1 1 2
M  V30 1 1 1 2
M  V30 2 1 2 3
M  V30 2 1 2 3
M  V30 3 1 3 4
M  V30 3 1 1 4
M  V30 4 1 4 5
M  V30 4 1 4 5
M  V30 5 1 3 6
M  V30 5 1 1 6
M  V30 6 1 6 7
M  V30 6 1 6 7
M  V30 END BOND
M  V30 END BOND
Line 1,833: Line 525:
M  V30 END CTAB
M  V30 END CTAB
M  END
M  END
</chemform>  
</chemform>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+
-
!Entry
!CAT
!PS
!e-D
!Solvent
!lamdaexc
!irr time
!CO
!TON
!Fara [%]
!H2
!TON
!Fara [%]
!HCO2H
!TON
!QY [%]
!CH4
!TON
!Fara [%]
!Ref
|-
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=== Additional information/Literature ===
=== Additional information/Literature ===




{{#literature:|doi=https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202001143}}, {{#literature:|doi=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02914}}
{{#literature:|doi=https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202001143}}, {{#literature:|doi=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02914}}

Latest revision as of 14:47, 6 September 2024

Importance/relevance[edit | edit source]

Reduction of CO2 into energy-rich compounds is an important topic that can simultaneously tackle the shortage of fossil-fuel resources and global warming.36,40,42,288 Photocatalytic CO2 reduction utilizing solar light as an energy source has been widely investigated as a key technology for the conversion of abundant solar energy to chemical energy, so-called artificial photosynthesis.

General principles[edit | edit source]

Photosensitizers[edit | edit source]

Metal-containing photosensitizers[edit | edit source]

Non-metal-containing photosensitizers[edit | edit source]

5,10-Di(2-naphthyl)-5,10-dihydrophenazine 3,7-Di((1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)-10-(naphthalen-1-yl)-10H-phenoxazine purpurin

Catalysts[edit | edit source]

Manganese-based catalysts[edit | edit source]

Iron-based catalysts[edit | edit source]

Iron complexes: Known for the reduction of CO2 to H2 and CO [link to publication]

Rhenium-based catalysts[edit | edit source]

Rhenium complexes are known to act as photocatalysts and electrocatalysts for reducing CO2 to CO.

Here an example DOI as reference [TMo14][Pro21] [EtF21]

Nickel-based catalysts[edit | edit source]

Cobalt-based catalysts[edit | edit source]

Combined Systems[edit | edit source]

Rhenium polypyridine complexes are known to act as photocatalysts and electrocatalysts for reducing CO2 to CO.289 A major problem with these photocatalysts is the lack of an extended absorption into the visible region. Therefore, they need to be supported by photosensitizers. The present approach is to fabricate supramolecular photocatalysts, similar to the photocatalytic H2 or O2 production systems. Supramolecular photocatalysts used in the reduction of CO2 act as both the light absorbing center and the catalytic center. Two distinct reaction mechanisms that use supramolecular photocatalysts for the reduction of CO2, are oxidative quenching (OQ) and reductive quenching (RQ).290 As shown in Fig. 56, for both mechanisms, the reduction of CO2 proceeds via the reduced form of the catalyst. Since the first supramolecular Ru–Ni complex used for the photochemical reduction of CO2 was reported by Kimura et al. in 1992,291 huge efforts had been devoted to the design of new bi- or multi-metallic analogues. Ishitani’s group have recently described the development of supramolecular photocatalysts for the photochemical reduction of CO2, 290 including Ru(II)–Re(I), Ru(II)–Ru(II), Ru(II)–Ni(II), Ru(II)–Co(III), Ir(III)–Re(I), Os(II)–Re(I), Pd(II)–Re(I), Zn(II)–Re(I), Fe(III)–Re(I), Co(II)–Re(I) and Cu(II)–Re(I) systems. Their chemical structures and photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance are presented in Fig. 57, 58 and Tables 9, 10. Therefore, in this section, we will mainly focus on the latest development of novel asymmetrical trinuclear supramolecular photocatalysts and their performance to supplement the recent review.290 Recently, Ishitani’s group synthesized two trinuclear supramolecular photocatalysts 319 and 320 (Fig. 59) containing three different metal centers Os(II)–Re(I)–Ru(II) for the first time316 via stepwise Mizoroki–Heck reactions. The energy transfer processes in these complexes were studied in detail. The key findings are: (1) highly efficient intramolecular energy transfer from an excited Re unit to an excited Ru unit was observed for both complexes, and the emission occurs mainly from excited Ru and Os units. (2) The faster energy transfer rate observed from the Re to the Ru unit, compared with from the Ru or Re to the Os unit, can be attributed to the different energy transfer mechanisms. For example, Furue et al. had reported that the intramolecular excited energy transfer in a Ru–Os dinuclear complex proceeds by a Fo¨rster mechanism,317 whereas the excited Re-Ru energy transfer proceeds via a Dexter mechanism.318 (3) In contrast to 319, the intramolecular excited Ru-Os energy transfer in 320 proceeded very slowly or did not occur, which can be attributed to the longer distance between the Ru and Os units in 320. Referring to supramolecular photocatalysts,290 dinuclear Ru–Re or Os–Re systems exhibit the best photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance reported to date for bimetallic systems. Inspired by this, two trinuclear complexes 319 and 320 were compared with their dinuclear Ru–Re and Os–Re analogues. As shown in Fig. 60a, both 319 and 320 can be used as supramolecular photocatalysts for the highly selective formation of CO. Importantly, both 319 and 320 exhibited superior catalytic ability and great durability in the CO2 reduction process. The TONs for 319 and 320. reached 3552 � 461 and 4347 � 421, respectively, after 35 h irradiation, which are higher than the summation of their parent dinuclear Ru–Re and Os–Re complexes. These two trinuclear complexes exhibit the highest TONCO for all reported photocatalytic reactions. The reason for this outstanding performance has been investigated by UV absorption measurements. As shown in Fig. 60b, upon irradiation at l 4 500 nm for 1 h, the spectrum of 319 showed a slight decrease in the band at ca. 420 to 500 nm. The spectral shape was maintained for 6 h. On the contrary, in the case of the Ru–Re analogue, the absorption band at 460 nm sharply decreased in intensity with continuous irradiation (Fig. 60c), which mainly reflects the decomposition of the Ru unit. The corresponding time courses of the absorbance changes at 460 nm for 319 and for dinuclear Ru–Re are shown in Fig. 60d. The change in the absorption intensity matched well with the time courses of photocatalytic CO formation for both catalysts (Fig. 60a). Therefore, this result indicated that the photocatalytic stability can be effectively improved by the introduction of the Os unit into the Ru–Re system. In summary, introduction of an additional photosensitising Os unit into Ru–Re systems to give trinuclear complexes 319 and 320 has two main advantages in comparison with the parent dinuclear complexes: (1) a wider range of visible light up to 730 nm can be strongly captured by the trinuclear complexes. (2) Photocatalytic durability of 319 and 320 is improved by 27% and 55%, respectively, compared with their parent dinuclear complexes.

Sacrificial electron donors[edit | edit source]

TEA TEOA BI(OH)H BIH BNAH 1-methylnaphthalene

Additional information/Literature[edit | edit source]

[ECo20], [CEP20]

Literature

[TMo14] The Mechanism of Homogeneous CO2Reduction by Ni(cyclam): Product Selectivity, Concerted Proton–Electron Transfer and C–O Bond Cleavage. Jinshuai Song, Eric L. Klein, Frank Neese, Shengfa Ye, Inorganic Chemistry 2014, Vol. 53, Pages 7500-7507. DOI2: 10.1021/ic500829p
[Pro21] Photochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid. Robin Cauwenbergh, Shoubhik Das, Green Chemistry 2021, Vol. 23, Pages 2553-2574. DOI2: 10.1039/d0gc04040a
[ECo20] Electrochemical Conversion of CO 2 to CO by a Competent Fe I Intermediate Bearing a Schiff Base Ligand. Ruggero Bonetto, Roberto Altieri, Mirko Tagliapietra, Antonio Barbon, Marcella Bonchio, Marc Robert, Andrea Sartorel, ChemSusChem 2020, Vol. 13, Pages 4111-4120. DOI2: 10.1002/cssc.202001143